基于對各種建筑的深入建模，企業應將光伏發電和儲能部署的真正價值放在防止電力中斷損失的基礎上，從而實現太陽能+儲能系統的成本效益設計。在某些情況下，將恢復力(resilience)視為一種價值，甚至可以使太陽能+儲能項目在技術不可行的情況下變得可行。

對組織來說，對電力中斷造成的損失進行評估是一個挑戰。對于電源中斷的恢復力沒有明確的市場價值，而數據中心或銀行部門可能能夠將預期的損失估算出來，但這對大多數組織來說是極其困難的。在緊急情況下，一些機構提供服務的設施尤其如此，如醫院、急救人員和收容所。因此，避免這些損失（即電源恢復力價值）的經濟價值一般在組織作出投資決定時很少考慮。其結果是，人們認為部署光伏發電和電池儲能項目可能成本過高，盡管災難和斷電會給組織帶來慘重的損失。

美國能源部國家可再生能源實驗室（NREL）和清潔能源集團（CEG）新發表的論文“重視太陽能和儲能系統設計的重要性”介紹了加利福尼亞州阿納海姆的三種方案：學校，辦公樓和酒店。對于每一種客戶類型探討了兩種情況：一種是假設恢復力沒有任何價值，一種通過每小時中斷的經濟損失來評估恢復力。這些恢復力的價值是以勞倫斯伯克利國家實驗室研究人員先前研究的客戶調查數據為基礎的。

通過這種方法量化典型停電持續時間內不同客戶的停電損失成本，這個報告闡述了在這些技術采用決策中的恢復力對于經濟損失的影響。并在每種情況下進行分析，而當部署更大規模的光伏和電池儲能系統被認為是經濟可行的時候，其恢復力的價值值得考慮。

在確定太陽能+儲能系統的恢復力時需要考慮的因素：

•目前的電力成本

•建立負載配置文件

•平均中斷時間

•平均中斷成本

•每月中斷發生的時間

•每年中斷發生的時間

•臨界負載

•電池的其他用途

這個結果對于儲能來說令人關注目，從而為部署在辦公室和酒店的電池系統帶來了積極的經濟效益，如果不考慮其所避免電力中斷的價值，那么其部署將是沒有意義的。這將讓組織節省了更多的成本，因為在酒店部署這個系統所避免損失的價值是其凈收益的兩倍以上，在太陽能發電+儲能系統的整個生命周期將增加了17.8萬美元的價值。對于學校來說，增加電力中斷的防護能力的結果是建立一個電池儲能系統，如果考慮到恢復力的價值，那么部署的電池系統的經濟效益將是沒有考慮建議的13倍，并且組織將節省一半的凈成本。

最近頻發的重大天氣事件導致隨之而來的大范圍電力中斷，這一分析報告對于部署這個系統的意義來說尤為及時。這些極端事件（如波多黎各的瑪麗亞颶風）已經提高了人們對彈性電源解決方案的需求和認識，因為許多柴油發電機由于設備故障和燃料短缺原因，只能提供時間有限的支持。

評估恢復力加大了光伏系統部署規模，將提高大型辦公室的經濟性

清潔能源集團（CEG）副總裁兼項目總監Seth Mullendore表示：“正如報告的研究結果所表明的那樣，部署太陽能發電+電池儲能項目防止電力中斷可以為許多類型的客戶帶來顯著的價值。 現在通過提高恢復力，將促進下一次電力中斷之前部署更多的太陽能發電+電池儲能項目。這對于企業來說很重要，而對于像病人和老年人這樣的脆弱人群的人身安全來說，更重要的是獲得電力，因為這可能意味著生與死之間的差別。

即使過去幾年太陽能發電+電池儲能項目的成本快速下滑，其部署仍然會受到優惠的電價結構或無障礙市場機會的地區的限制。由于組織沒有將避免電力中斷的損失的價值納入項目決策中，所以恢復力目前不是部署這種發電儲能系統的經濟驅動因素。

“電池系統安裝可以采取多種形式，其空間要求從冰箱大小到兆瓦級規模系統的集裝箱，旨在滿足大型企業或工業客戶的關鍵電力需求。”Mullendore說，“需要牢記的是，彈性系統能夠在電網中斷期間提供可靠的電力，能夠為組織提供更多價值，但也需要額外的組件，并加大了設計的復雜性，這將增加任何安裝的前期成本。”

在大多數情況下，組織需要關注恢復力對于增加光伏+電池儲能系統的規模和可行性。通過對與電力中斷有關的損失進行評估，太陽能發電+電池儲能系統在更多地點的部署具有經濟意義，并確保人們為應對下一場災難做好充分的準備。

（中國儲能網獨家編譯，轉載請注明來源）

Putting a Value on the Resilience of Energy Storage Systems

January 31, 2018 by Emily Holbrook

Findings presented in a new paper by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Clean Energy Group (CEG) show that more integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage projects could make economic sense if the value of avoiding power outages is taken into account in project economics.

Based on in-depth modeling of various building types, putting a real value on the ability of PV and storage to prevent losses during outages results in the cost-effective design of larger solar+storage systems. In some cases, putting a value on resilience can even make solar+storage projects feasible where the technologies would not be economically viable otherwise.

It is often a challenge for building owners to put a value on expected losses from power outages. There is no clear market value for energy resilience, and, while a data center or bank may be able to put a dollar value on anticipated losses due to outages, it is extremely difficult for most organizations to place a monetizable value on resilience-related investments. This is particularly true for facilities providing services that a community depends on in an emergency situation, like hospitals, first responders, and shelters. As a result, the economic value of avoiding these losses (that is, the value of energy resilience) is generally not factored in when owners are making investment decisions. As a result, PV and battery storage may be deemed too expensive, even though disasters and power outages result in billions of dollars of losses to the economy.

CEG and NREL’s new paper, Valuing Resilience on Solar and Storage System Design, looks at three building scenarios in Anaheim, California: a school, an office building, and a hotel. For each of these customer types, two scenarios were explored – one placing no value on resilience and one valuing resilience in terms of dollars lost per hour of outage. These resilience values are based on customer survey data from a previous study by researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

By applying this methodology to quantify the cost of outage-related losses for different customers over typical outage durations reported by the utility serving Anaheim, Southern California Edison, this paper illustrates the impact that placing value on resilience has on these types of technology adoption decisions. In each case analyzed, larger PV and battery storage systems are found to be economical when the value of resilience is accounted for.

Considerations when sizing a solar+storage system for resiliency:

?Current electricity costs

?Building load profile

?Average duration of outages

?Average cost of outages

?Times of day when outages occur

?Times of year when outages occur

?Critical loads

?Other uses for battery

The results are particularly striking for storage, resulting in positive economics for battery systems in the office and hotel that would not make sense without including the value of avoided outages. This also increases the total lifetime savings realized by the building owner. Incorporating the value of avoided losses for the hotel results in more than a doubling of net benefits, an increase of $178,000 over the lifetime of the system. For the school, adding in the value of resilience results in a battery system that is thirteen times larger than what would be recommended if resilience were assigned no value, again doubling net savings for the building owner.

This analysis is particularly timely in light of recent major weather events and the widespread power outages that followed. These extreme events, such as Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, have raised awareness of the need for better resilient power solutions, as many diesel generators were found to provide limited support due to equipment failures and fuel shortages.

Valuing Resilience Increases the Optimal PV System Size and Makes the Addition of Storage Economical on a Large Office

“As the findings in this paper suggest, avoiding outages with resilient solar+storage can deliver significant value to many types of customers,” said Seth Mullendore, coauthor of the paper and vice president and project director at CEG. “By placing a value on resilience now, more solar+storage could be deployed before the next big storm hits. This is important for businesses, but even more essential to the safety of our most vulnerable populations, like the sick and the elderly, where access to power could literally mean the difference between life and death.”

Even with the rapid decline in PV and battery storage prices over the last few years, solar+storage installations have remained largely limited to areas with favorable utility rate tariff structures or accessible market opportunities. Because there is no accepted method for incorporating the value of avoided power outage losses into project decisions, the resilience is currently not an economic driver of such systems.

“Battery system installations can take many forms, with space requirements ranging from about the footprint of a dormitory fridge for a small-business to a shipping container for a megawatt-hour scale system designed to meet the critical power needs of a large business or industrial customer,” said Mullendore. “It’s important to keep in mind that resilient systems, those able to island and deliver reliable power during a grid outage, can provide more value to business, but also require additional components and added design complexities, which will increase the upfront cost of any installation.”

The analysis detailed in this paper demonstrates that, in most cases, valuing resilience will increase the size, and viability, of both PV and battery storage. By placing a value on outage-related losses, solar+ storage could make economic sense in many more locations today, ensuring more communities are better prepared for the next disaster.